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Posts Tagged ‘vancomycin’

What happens to the vegetation after successful treatment of infective edocarditis ?

Posted in Cardiology - Clinical, infective endocarditis, Infrequently asked questions in cardiology (iFAQs), tagged , , , , , , on August 19, 2012| Leave a Comment »

When do you call a infected heart as healed ?

Should the vegetation disappear to call it a cure ?

Vegetation’s rarely disappear following treatment . Very small vegetation may dissolve – 20% . Many times it regress in size .

Often  our aim should be  restricted  to sterilise the vegetation. This invariably happens in most of the patients who receive complete course of antibiotic. But healing and sterilizing is not enough in many vulnerable patients.If the vegetation is large the embolic risk is still there even with a healed vegetation.

So if there is a relatively large  (>1.5cm) vegetation it is always better to remove by surgery.

Interventional  techniques may   soon  allow  capturing these vegetation by basket catheters .When technology is there to retrieve small bits of a thrombus inside a coronary artery it should be possible to remove a large vegetation with temporary aortic filters in place.

Also read

https://drsvenkatesan.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/what-is-the-natural-history-of-infective-endocarditis-vegetation/

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Early surgery for infective endocarditis (EASE Trial) answers a terrifc debate !

Posted in Cardiology - Clinical, cardiology -Therapeutics, Clinical cardiology, Infrequently asked questions in cardiology (iFAQs), myocardial disease, tagged , , , , , , on November 23, 2011| 1 Comment »

Modern  day cardiology can do wonders. It can revive a sinking  patient in cardiogenic shock with IABP , LV  assist ,   multivessel angioplasty and bring back  life . On  the other  hand  , a young man with an infected mitral valve who is put on  intensive  antibiotic  regimen   , progressively deteriorates  throws an emboli into brain ,  raise his urea  creatinine  , cardiac   failure worsens and finally succumbs .

This is a clear case of failure  of medical therapy in infective endocarditis .  It is almost certain  surgery would have saved him .

Why  the delay ?

So the question that is been debated for so long is   “When to intervene with surgery in IE”  ?

While we show extreme  urgency for ACS , the same is not shown  with IE.This is going to change in the future .Thanks to the  EASE trial (Early surgery  in  endocarditis )  This land mark study from Korea  is likely to revolutionise  the way we will look into the  problem  of infective endocarditis. It was presented in the just concluded AHA annual scientific sessions  in Orlando

This was  our  observation  too . The issue was discussed in  the year 2008 .It reminds me ,  every  learned  thought or opinion is in fact a paper  but unfortunately modern science does not accept a  fact without evidence of a  study . Until then  it remains  as a crap !

I am glad  to note   genuine concepts will some day  get ratified . Kudos to the Korean team.It is a great study to do with  many ethical issues.

Click below to read the related article

Link to EASE Trial  http://www.theheart.org/article/1313215.do

Next question  on the cards

Should there be  a time window above which medical therapy should be   deemed (Doomed !) to have  failed  , so that the patient becomes a default candidate for surgery.

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Can we diagnose Infective endocarditis without vegetation ?

Posted in Cardiology - Clinical, My presentations, tagged , , , , , , , , , , on April 10, 2009| Leave a Comment »

Yes , we can .         Abstract : Link to Indian heart journal

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Vegetation Negative Infective-Endocarditis

S Venkatesan, G Gnanavelu, G Karthikeyan, V Jaganathan,  R Alagesan,
M Annamalai, S Shanmugasundaram, S Geetha, A Balaguru, G Anuradha

Madras Medical College, Chennai

The definitive diagnosis of infective endocartitis (IE) remains a contentious clinical issue. Many diagnostic criteria have been advanced. However, none has withstood the test of time. Currently Duke’s criteria is considered as de facto standard. Documentation of vegetation within the cardiac chambers and positivity of blood culture is the sine qua non of IE and evidently they constitute the major criteria. Ironically, according to Duke’s criteria, IE could still be diagnosed in the absence of vegetation, provided it fulfils other major criteria of culture positivity. In this context, we report our analysis of patients with IE without vegetation. Out of 24 patients admitted between 2004-2005 in our hospital with the diagnosis of IE, 4 patients failed to show vegetations. All had rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and presented with prolonged fever. All had severe eccentric mitral regurigitation (MR). One had severe aortic regurgitation (AR) also. One had flail posterior mitral leaflet (PML). All had blood culture positive – 3 for staphylococcus auerus 1 for pseudomonas. None had vegetations on the first echocardiographic examination. Transesophageal echcardiography (TEE) also failed to detect a vegetation or abscess. The diagnosis of IE was made on the basis of Duke’s criteria (1 major and 3 minor features). Treatment was started based on culture positivity and sensitivity. All patients underwent serial echocardiography every week for 6 weeks. New mobile vegetation was detected in 1 patient in anterior mitral leaflet (AML) measuring 12 mm after 2 weeks. Three patients never showed any evidence of vegetation. One patient developed cerebral vasculitis and another renal insufficiency during the course of treatment. Two patients stabilized with medical management. One expired and other had refractory cardiac failure and was referred for emergency surgery. The mechanism of absence of vegetation in IE could be varied. Simple temporal dissociation between appearance of vegetation and the clinical syndrome should be the first possibility. Further, vigorous antimicrobial treatment might have prevented the formation of vegetation. But, as we have seen in few patients, it never appeared. This was possibly due to layered vegetation like that of a thrombus on the surface of the valve or adjacent myocardium. The process of vegetation formation need not be endoluminal, it can burrough into the tissue plane intramurally without projecting into the cavity. Spontaneous rupture of chordae secondary to inflammation without any vegetation is another possibility.

We conclude , even though vegetations are considered sine quo non of IE in many clinical situations, IE occurs without vegetation. The mechanisms could be varied.

Download full  PPT presentation

infective-endocarditis-csi-2005

infective-endocarditis-csi-2005

infective-endocarditis-vegetation-csi-2005

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Infective endocarditis : Is it primarily a surgical disease ?

Posted in Cardiology - Clinical, Infrequently asked questions in cardiology (iFAQs), tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , on September 11, 2008| 1 Comment »

                                                   Infective endocarditis is a serious clinical cardiac problem. The disease has evolved over many decades and now we are witnessing the  most virulent forms of the disease . Infection of heart , can occur in a native healthy valve, native diseased valve, or a prosthetic valve. Further, IE can occur either as  an acute (usually non diseased valve) , or sub acute form (usually in diseased valve).The changing microbial pattern has made this entity very complex. The vigorous   treatment protocols are available for IE. Still  the  prognosis and outcome with medical management is  dismal even in best centers.So the role of surgery in IE has increased over the years.We propose here,  a radically different approach to the problem.

 Traditionally there is a set of criteria for surgery in IE  :  These include

  •  Abscess formation
  •  Worsening valve lesion
  •  Refractory cardiac failure
  •  Persistent fever even after  2 weeks of  appropriate and adequate anti microbial therapy .
  •  Vegetation of more than 10mm size.
  •  Failed medical treatment

(The list is not exclusive)

In any large tertiary  hospital  series, if you  apply the above rule  more than 50 % of all patients with IE will be the candidates for  immediate surgery.

In the remaining 50% the mortality in medical management is very high. The reason being,  the  medical treatment is often prolonged over weeks. Many  of the complications occur  during the course of medical treatment.The common ones are abscess formation, embolic episodes, renal failure etc.Once a complication set in we call it as failed medical treatment and ask our surgical colleagues  to operate.By this time patient’s  general condition  deteriorates and either the surgeon refuses to take  up the case or  patient dies on the table.

So the key point  is , failure of medical treatment  is so common , it is simply not acceptable  to delay  the surgery in these patients as  majority of  them are  doomed to  fail  the trial of medical therapy.

What is the incidence of failed medical management, how to recognise it ? what is the impact of recognising it late ?

  • Failed medical therapy is around 60-70%  even in best centers.
  • Failed medical patients  constitute the greatest  surgical risk .
  • So it is proposed all IE patients should be triaged  early and the  dominant theme should be surgery (Commonly valve replacement, or valve repair)   .
  • If there is large vegetation surgery may be done for the sole purpose of physical removal of the vegetation*.

Final message

In Infective endocarditis experience has taught us, surgery  should be the default management protocol and medical therapy should be offered  to selected few who don’t require surgery.This is especially true in preexisting  rheumatic valve disease.

*The fundamental principle of management of infectious diseases, state that when there is a  resistant focus of infection .Always  remove the focus whenever possible.

 

 

 

 

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