Feeds:
Posts
Comments

Archive for the ‘Uncategorized’ Category

When will you suspect reno vascular hypertension ?

Posted in Cardiology hypertension, Infrequently asked questions in cardiology (iFAQs), Tutorial in clinical cardiology, Uncategorized, tagged , , , , on September 1, 2010| Leave a Comment »

The much fancied criteria   “suspect secondary  HT” if the  onset of  hypertension  is   before 30 years   later than  55  years ,may be useful  .But a caution about this criteria  : It does not mean you should not hesitate to  diagnose renal HT  between 30 -55 years.  The  real onset may be   < 30years , but  the patient may report to the physician  late  in his /her  40 or 50s !

  1. Diastolic blood pressure > 120
  2. Sudden acceleration blood pressure
  3. Blood pressure which is  resistant to control with three or 4 drugs ,that shall typically include a  diuretic.
  4. An episode of left ventricular failure (Often referred to as  called flash pulmonary edema)
  5. Presence of  Hypertensive retinopathy
  6. Para umbilical bruit
  7. HT associated with significant CAD
  8. Marked LVH in echocardiography
  9. Finally , most importantly , worsening of renal function with ACE inhibitor is a  strong clue the kidney is under perfused  and  the   renal circulation  is dependent on  elevated angiotenisn 2 (Which ,if blocked worsens the GFR ).This implies every physician should take a baseline serum creatinine  and urea before starting them on ACEI.(Which is rarely followed , as far as my country is concerned !)

Is there any simple way to  differentiate  reno vascular from renal parenchymal HT ?

It is very difficult to differentiate between these two clinically. It makes things more difficult , as  combination of both occurs. Prolonged renal ischemia can result in parenchymal damage as well.

The simplest way is to do a rapid ultrasound imaging to assess kidney size and texture (Loss of cortical-medullary differentiation indicating early renal contraction phase ).Of course , our nephrology colleagues are always there to help you out .

* It need to be remembered the functional renal HT -Renal tubular acidosis,  Adrenal HT (Conn’s /chromo-pheocytomas  has to be ruled out , as these entities also occur in the same age group ).The combination of hypokalemia and mild alkalosis is a  good clue to rule out many of these  defects.

* The CT scan image used in the above illustration  courtesy

http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content-nw/full/189/3/528/FIG21

Read Full Post »

It is heard loud and clear ! Death knell for routine stenting for renal artery stenosis !

Posted in Cardiology -Interventional -PCI, Cardiology hypertension, Uncategorized, tagged , , , , , , on August 31, 2010| Leave a Comment »

For medical science  to  defy   logic , is a not a great  new discovery . “Diabetes is a major  risk factor for heart disease   but controlling diabetes may not  remove this risk factor” Similarly  severe mulitvessel CAD  occurs without  any symptoms and compromise on LV function . It is a natural human  instinct  to open of  any thing  that is obstructing   on  their  path . The same logic applies in   physicians when we encounter blocks in the vascular highways  .

For a moment compare  it with an express way .

We realise many  roads have a  reserve capacity . Even if the road is  half  blocked , traffic  congestion  rarely happens  as the  original road’s width is  sufficiently  large for the projected traffic . Some other roads have emergency  service lanes (Collaterals) that can take care the flow of traffic.

Another  question to ask is , Where does the road  lead to ? and why  we are  traveling ?

If it leads to a “dead  sea”  or a “bottom less cliff’  there is no purpose  to travel further . Similarly , when you find a destructed kidney with little nephron mass( or dead myocardium  ) there is absolutely no purpose  in opening the block . (Some  may  believe  the act  of  opening  block , by itself   is a success /  sorry- story !)

This is what happened in the lase decade . Interventional    radiologists , vascularologists , cardiologists started  opening  renal artery obstructions , at their whims and fancies, in  many elderly and middle-aged population .To their surprise (This surprise is due to ignorance )  they found no worthwhile benefit  either in the BP reduction or worsening renal function .

Now comes the evidence  in  2009  as   ASTRAL  trial from UK . ( As usual   the evidence came   late after ,  few lakhs  of kidneys   been injured !*

* Renal interventions are notorious for many complications , which is often not reported . Read this article to know  it better.

http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa0905368

Final message

Common sense can  work great wonders than the much hyped RCTs . (Except ASTRAL  of course !) In this era of scarcity of  such  sense we can expect another study soon , to nullify ASTRAL  and give us further license  to pursuit the  good old  human instinct  ! Already silent noises  are made in interventional  corridors questioning the  outcome of ASTRAL.

Read Full Post »

How common it is , for an “Acute STEMI” to present with stable ventricular tachycardia ?

Posted in cardiology -Therapeutics, Cardiology -unresolved questions, cardiology- coronary care, Cardiology-Arrhythmias, Uncategorized, tagged , , , , , , , , on August 31, 2010| 2 Comments »

Acute MI and ventricular tachycardia are closely related entities.In fact ,  the earliest response to ischemia could be a VT .But what  is peculiar about this VT is,  it  almost always degenerates into VF  within a minute or so.(Unlike idiopathic VTs /RVOT/LVOT VTs)

This arrhythmia in  every sense  can be called as  “primary VT“ which is the cause for “primary VF”

It is strongly  believed VF cannot occur without  a  brief episode of VT preceding it .Logic would also suggest  the ischemic myocardium  can not suddenly  become chaotic  “with the first  beat  “. There is little documentation available to unprove this presumption.

In spite of  this intimate relationship between VT and STEMI ,  it is very rare for a STEMI patient   to enter  ER with a sustained stable  ventricular tachycardia .  While  many VTs are known for it is hemodyanmic stability and immunity against degeneration   into  VF  , it is extremely rare  for  VT to remain as VT  in acute STEMI.

*Note : NSVT can be common   in  hospitalised patient in the coronary care unit . In our experience a sustained  VT in STEMI  will enter the VF mode within 60 seconds .If not , it is a highly  unusual phenomenon .

“But surprise is the other name of medicine ”

Here is  case report, a patient walked into coronary care unit with sustained( relatively stable) VT with LBBB morphology .We thought  it was   a  non- ischemic VT  (cardiomyopathy  , RVOT etc) .As we were examining him,  he became  unstable  and  was shocked 50 J biphasic .To our surprise a classical STEMI was unmasked and he was immediately  thrombolysed.

* It is possible ,  the patient had  suffered a  old MI  which got infarcted again and the VT  was scar mediated .

But it is still uncommon  for  it  not to degenerate into VF  with fresh  STEMI

Final message

Nearly all episodes of  ventricular tachycardia , that occur in the early minutes/ hours of  STEMI would degenerate into VF.This includes  VTs  that  occur within the CCU . Most  of the times , the CCU physicians and staffs  revert this VT  promptly and deny the  ventricles  from performing the dance of death !

It is extremely rare for an acute ischemic VT associated with STEMI to walk in to the hospital,  which our patient did !

Further reading and unanswered questions

  • What determines a VT to degenerate into VF ?
  • Why macro-reentrant , scar dependent VTs  often  are well tolerated ? ( In spite of LV dysfunction !)

Read Full Post »

Left atrial pressure volume loop

Posted in echocardiography, Infrequently asked questions in cardiology (iFAQs), Uncategorized, tagged , , , , on August 28, 2010| Leave a Comment »

We have read extensively  about LV pressure volume loops . What about Left atrial pressure volume relationship ?

This could be vitally important to  understand left atrial failure . While, it is often taught that , LA comes to the rescue of  left ventricle  at time of stress , we rarely talk about left  atrial failure !

Where  will the LA look  for help  when it is stressed ?

Pulmonary veins ?  , No , the LA  simply succumb and patient deteriorates.The only way it can react  is by a  panic response and starts fibrillating !. This is what happens in many  cases of dilated cardiomyopathy  and late stages of aortic valve disease . This AF is very poorly tolerated . ( Of course , we do not understand fully ,  why AF is relatively well  tolerated in severe  mitral stenosis  , inspite of very high  LA pressures Often >40mmHg?)

The  importance of left atrium as a mechanical chamber   is well  recognised .It is supposed to empty the blood  it receives  from pulmonary veins  within a narrow  pressure zone of  8-12mmhg within a  fraction of a second. Even a slight increase in LA pressure may result in pulmonary venous regurgitation and  the incoming venous tides are reversed(“a” reversal in pulmonary vein echo )  that results in the so called pulmonary congestion /Pulmonary venous hypertension.

If only god has created  additional pulmonary venous  valves** at it’s  entry , LA can perhaps a  relax a little bit  . But it is not the case  . So,  LA function becomes as  vital  as LV.

(**Can we create pulmonary venous check valves  ?  . . . will it be  an answer for preventing recurrent LVF in cardiomyopathies etc)

Here is an  article from European heart journal , which gives  great insight into Left atrial function.

The one that has fascinated me is the  LA  pressure volume loop.

The two pressure waves in left atrium reflect distinct  properties . “v” wave  is a  volume dependent wave and  “a” wave a pressure generated wave . Surprisingly the volume dependent wave generates more pressure than the atrial contraction wave.(Note in LA  v > a while in RA a>v)

http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/1/22.full.pdf

Read Full Post »

Ascites precox

Posted in Uncategorized, tagged , , on August 28, 2010| Leave a Comment »

Fluid retention is  a classical sign  of  cardiac failure . (Elevated JVP, hepatomegaly , edema legs ) The mechanism of fluid retention are many .But, traditionally we have given importance to   venous back pressure  (Hydrostatic pressure)  . Equally important (if not more !) is the renal sodium  and  fluid  conservation  in response to reduced effective renal blood flow.

How common is ascites in cardiac failure ?

While we see hydrothorax  little  more frequently  it is rare to  get ascites in cardiac failure .However ascites often manifests late  in the pre terminal phase of cardiac failure *. This is due to congestive hepatomegaly, secondary hyperaldosteronism and renal dysfunction .

When does ascites come early before edema of extremities in cardiac failure ?

It is  classically  reported in  constrictive pericarditis. The reason why ascites precedes edema legs is  long  been speculative . Now we have evidence , the pericardial pathology , has a direct effect on the hepatic venous morphology. There can be a  selective  , partial constrictor effect on at least one of the hepatic vein as it enters the right atrium .In fact , the entry point of hepatic vein is  delicately  close to IVC/RA junction.

*It should be remembered in the current era we are expected to diagnose cardiac  failure even before  the onset of edema !

Anatomical   constriction has a mechanical effect on the hepatic venous drainage  and subsequently alters the hepatic function . Segmental hepatic dysfunction is thought to  ooze out the   ascitic fluid  from the surface of liver .Ultimately severe raise of hepatic venous pressure results in congestive hepatomegaly and could result in now obsolete , cardiac cirrhosis.

Other mechanisms of ascites  in constrictive pericarditis , include

  • Hypoprotenimia
  • Common infection of  peritoneum and pericardium( like tueberculosis)

Is ascites precox an exclusive feature of constrictive pericarditis ?

Not necessarily so  . Even though , it was first described in this condition ,clinical experience  suggest, any  congestive cardiac failure with predominate right sided  pathology like organic tricuspid valve stenosis or regurgitation, right ventricular  endomyocardial  fibrosis  , all can result in significant ascites which may precede edema  legs.

What is  effect of  of severe TR on hepatic venous  hydrodynamics ?

TR like MR  can be eccentric and some times hits upon  the hepatic veins directly

and result in disproportionate elevation of hepatic venaous presure than even IVC pressure

which  may contribute to early ascites in organic tricuspid valve disease.

Read Full Post »

Left bundle branch block : (iFAQs)infrequently asked questions

Posted in Cardiology - Electrophysiology -Pacemaker, cardiology -ECG, Uncategorized, tagged , , , , , on August 23, 2010| Leave a Comment »

Why the qrs complex becomes wide and tall in LBBB ?

The qrs  complex is  wide , due to delayed conduction over non specialized fibres .The qrs  becomes are  tall due to temporal dissociation of RV  and  LV forces ,  which  leaves  the LV forces  unopposed , thus  a tall qrs  is inscribed  , without the neutralizing effect of RV forces.

Is muscle to muscle  conduction a hall mark of LBBB ?

No , it is not . Even though the left bundle is blocked , much of the conduction tend to occur in

specialized  conduction  system  . It depends upon the level of block of LBBB.

What is the mechanism and clinical significance of left axis deviation in isolated LBBB?

The mean qrs axis is surprisingly  not  altered greatly ,  in LBBB . If there is a significant left ward shift  it may imply associated organic LV pathology or involve ment of predominately  left anterior fascicle

What is  the impact of IVS contraction and timing in LBBB ?

In isolated LBBB, it is expected an abnormal septal motion due to altered sequence of septal activation. This results in an abnormal appearance of  septal motion in Mode (Septal beak immediately following qrs complex) .In fact , this sharp downward movement indicate good LV  function  .Absence  of which  is a  good clue  for a pathological LBBB due to structural heart disease

Why does the abnormal  septal motion in LBBB  ,  do not  desynchronize  the normal LV ?

CRT is the much fancied  treatment in patients with LBBB and cardiac failure. In normal ventricles LBBB do not destabilize LV function in spite of septal /free wall desynchronisation  .This is still a mystery how IVS is cope up with the totally unexpected  insult of asking to work in head over heal situation !In spite of  this the ventricle gets used to the altered conduction pattern and the contractile pattern.(Nature’s  at it’s best !)

What are the mechanical disadvantage of LBBB

  • Septal contraction is  ill-timed
  • Mitral  regurgitation

Most isolated chronic LBBBs  do not  confer  any hemodynamic  disadvantage  to LV  – why ?

LBBBs are dangerous looking ECG , but in most patients it is benign , in the absence  0f structural heart disease like valvular , myocardial or ischemic  disease.

Can there be a small r wave in V1 and V2 in LBBB ?

Yes . Though we expect the  reversal of septal depolarization  extinguish  the initial r in v1 to v3 .It is  noted in many. Hence presence of small r in v1 to   v3 does not rule out LBBB. 

  1. The commonest explanation given is un-masking of RV free wall forces which is   normally  masked by early LV forces .
  2. Another possibility is the   orientation of septum  in pathological states.
  3. Third possibility is  “r” may  actually represent  the  septal q waves as in LVH or old AWMI  .(Counterpart of small  q in lateral leads )

How do we explain concordant  pattern  of QRS  v1 to v6  in LBBB ?

We expect the qrs to  transit from QS  complex  to RS ,  at-least by lead  v5/v6 .Some times even V6  shows a RS complex.This is usually due to faulty lead  position or a grossly enlarged  LV,  ie  if we  record V 7 or V8 we will be able to pick up the qs complex.

What will be the morphology of a VPD that is arising  from LV in the presence of  LBBB ?

A premature beat arising  from a  ventricle which is having  a bundle block  is  sort of  electrical blessing !The VPD often bye  passes the block and makes  the conduction near normal  and a normal  qrs may be  recorded. So , when a patient with LBBB suddenly develops a normal qrs beat or  normal qrs tachycardia  one  should consider a VT arising from the  Left ventricle .

And a studious electro physiology fellow  should  be able to answer the following !

What will be the morphology of  VPD if it arises from RV and septum in the presence of  LBBB ?

Kindwall has tried answer  this question

What is the effect of  LBBB on S1 and  S 2 ?

The classical  description in LBBB   is

  • Paradoxical split of S2
  • Wide split of S1

You are supposed to hear  4 components in complete LBBB  !  In reality this does not happen . At best you can hear the reversed  split of  S2 with difficulty .

One  more reason  for the  non manifestation of these splits is  confounding factors like LV dysfunction , MR , PR interval etc .(Each one tend to pull or push  S1 and S 2 in different directions )

Do  patients with LBBB  , are at increased risk for developing  complete heart block   when

beta blockers , calcium blockers etc  are administered ?

Common sense would say yes. Scientific  sense has  no answer .

We know, ventricles are innervated by two bundles  .When only one bundle  is  functional, it means the ventricles  are experiencing  50 % power shutdown .   In CAD  , single vessel blood supply due to a CTO  is considered  dangerous but in electrical  flow it is not so !  In spite of the fact  that  ventricle has numerous  cell cell electromotive conduction   it is  always better to exercise caution  when administering  beta blockers, calcium blockers and digoxin in patients with LBBB . If it is a must periodic  monitoring is advised .(HV interval in isolated LBBB is slightly prolonged ) Never administer beat blocker in a patient with recent onset LBBB and ACS

Also read the related article  in this blog  Incomplete LBBB

Read Full Post »

What happens to HV interval in isolated LBBB ?

Posted in Uncategorized, tagged on August 18, 2010| Leave a Comment »

These simple questions were asked once upon a time  when cardiologists were not known as interventionists.Now many of them  have neither time  nor interest  to ask such questions .! An article   which came in Circulation 1974 addresses this question lucidly.

It is known, HV interval represents infra hisian conduction . And LBBB is  just that ! Then , why it is not prolonging it ?

The answer is ,  it does prolong  the HV interval  by 20 -40 ms , but , it is not manifested in surface ECG .  A 20 ms increment in PR interval (Say 160 to 180 ms ) is not a big issue generally.

* Then the concept of incomplete and complete LBBB is always there to confront us !

Many believe , the intraventricular conduction delay in LBBB may simply represent  the  “unmaking effect”  of   LBBB   which  re-routes  the conduction  in the slightly delayed  , circuitous   right bundle  highway   . But it is only a   assumption.Many things can happen in a  ischemic , degenerative, dysfunctional heart.

When does the HV interval prolong pathologically in LBBB ?

Acute LBBB (Note Left bundle  has two fascicles , technically  equivalent to bifasicular  block )  A 40ms  increment in HV interval (Hence in  PR interval also)   can be a dangerous delay in LBBB .

Read Full Post »

Some thoughts about uremic pericarditis

Posted in Uncategorized, tagged , , , on August 13, 2010| Leave a Comment »

Pericardium is a  fine  biological sensor. It   makes   noise when the kidney is in distress .

We call   this as uremic pericardial  rub .  This is not a universal phenomenon in renal failure.

Occurs in about 10% of renal failure .

Mechanism

  • Chemical pericarditis . Uremic middle molecules ?
  • Dialysis related pericarditis
  • Associated infection

Two  themes can occur .

  • Pericarditis without effusion .
  • Effusion without pericarditis

The later is more common .

Is it a exudate or transudate ?

Usually a transudate. Protein accumulation may occur .

Hemorrhagic or non hemorrhagic effusion ?

Again both can occur. Platelet dysfunction is well known feature of renal failure .Bleeding into pericardial space  even a few cc of blood is suffice ,  to color the entire effusion  red  .

ECG features of uremic pericarditis , how is it different ?

The uremic pericarditis  less often results  in classical ST elevation  (concavity upwards)  instead the hyperkalemia features dominate , if present.

The reason for less conspicuous ST  elevation is due to the relative lack of  epicardial electrical injury . Further , the pericardial fluid  is enriched with  oppositely charged uremic molecules  which neutralise’s the

electrical gradient .

Relationship  of pericarditis  with acuteness of renal failure

Though it can occur in any form of uremia.It is more often observed in rapidly worsening renal failure

Relationship to dialysis

  • Presence of  pericardial rub is a classical indication for dialysis .(But not presence of effusion per se  )
  • While pericardial rub disappears in many ,  a  pericardial  rub that is  exclusively  observed  for the first time  after dialysis is well known .
  • The exact mechanism is not  clear . One explanation could be  the pericardial   surfaces gets approximated once pericardial fluid is filtered by dialysis.

Complication

Tamponade is common .Usually tolerated well till late stages as  LVH  and mild PAH are common which resists fluid compression.

Constriction can rarely occur. Tuberculosis can co exist.

Management

  • Indomethacin /Other NSAIDS
  • Steroids
  • Pericardiocenetesis
  • Surgery may be needed if recurrent pericarditis occur

Patients with pericardial rub should be dialysed heparin free .

Reference

Review article

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244810-overview

http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/short/53/5/896

Surgical management

http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/6/588

Read Full Post »

Horowitz classification of pericardial effusion

Posted in Uncategorized, tagged , , , , , , , , on August 13, 2010| Leave a Comment »

Detection of  pericardial effusion was  the earliest  clinical application of echocardiography. Diagnosing  large effusions is a non issue .Assessing  minimal effusions (Systolic vs diastolic echo free space) and associated  thickened pericardium is tough even after 50 years of echocardiography.

Mainly , we are limited by the resolution power of echo. Further , lack of echocardiographic landmark for visceral  layer of pericardium (It is same as epicardium !) makes  diagnosis of  thickened pericardium a real tough exercise.It is said , normal pericardium is less than 4mm .

Where to measure it ?  how to measure is still not clear.

Why differentiating  minimal  pericardial effusion from  thickened pericardium  is important ?

  • Mild  pericardial effusion is  largely a benign finding in vast majority.
  • But , even a minimally thickened pericardium  due to active inflammation  can be significant.
  • Sticky pericardial effusion predispose to thickening and constriction.
  • Early recognition of this dreaded pericardial pathology is essential to interrupt the inflammatory process.
  • In CRF (With or without dialysis) even a  minimal pericardial  effusion can denote a dismal outcome .

Here is a link to Horowitz classification of mild  pericardial  effusion ...

http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/239

It could help us understand, How thickened pericardium presents in echo. Of course, CT and MRI now have increased sensitivity for diagnosing  pericardial thickening.

Read Full Post »

Essential obstetrics for cardiologists !

Posted in Uncategorized, tagged , , , , , on August 12, 2010| Leave a Comment »

Cardiologists are often confronted with pregnant women in distress with heart disease. Obstetricians promptly refer them to cardiologists.

There is a tendency among cardiologists,  to make fun of obstetricians who  some times  call them for  frivolous  cardiac problem at odd hours  .(Say a VPD in the monitor or a systolic murmur of anemia etc)

Of course  , this   doesn’t mean in any way ,  cardiologists  belong to a superior  species  ! The fact  is  , many  cardiologists fare poorly in their  knowledge about the hemodynamics of pregnancy (Let them prove this wrong !)

A small quiz . . . for all cardiologists

  1. How much of  blood enter the maternal circulation after each uterine contraction during active labor ?
  2. Is the stress of normal delivery is   greater than that of  cesarean section under epidural anesthesia ?
  3. What anesthetic agent is ideal in patients with pulmonary hypertension ?
  4. How safe is  general anesthesia in a hypotensive  , heart disease patient ?
  5. What is the clinical significance of administering IV anesthetic vs inhaled anesthetic in a patient with right left shunt lesions ?

If a cardiologist is able to answer all  these 5 questions correctly without guessing , probably  they have  the right to make fun of obstetricians  or else  they have  to  quietly buy this book and read !

Final message

Every responsible cardiologist  must have good awareness about hemodynamic  stress of pregnancy and the intricacies of obstetrical anesthesia

Read Full Post »

« Newer Posts - Older Posts »