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Posts Tagged ‘diastolic dysfunction’

How to assess diastolic function in patients with atrial fibrillation by Echocardiography ?

Posted in Atrial fibrillation, tagged , , , , , , , on October 23, 2019|

Assessment of LV diastolic function primarily depends on the Doppler flow profile across the mitral valve and also to be noted are the 2D features of LA and LV for associated abnormality like LVH, LAE etc.

Why diastolic dysfunction assessment difficult in AF ?

Since most diastolic doppler mitral inflow parameters involve analysis of atrial contraction A wave, atrial fibrillation makes it difficult to assess diastolic dysfunction. Since we have only early diastolic velocity to assess, the changes confined to this E velocity is of paramount importance. This E velocity again is subjected to cycle length dependent alteration in both its acceleration and deceleration time , making things still more complex.

However, the following features help diagnose diastolic dysfunction in AF

  1. Lack of significant  E velocity variation (<20%)  Inspite of significant RR interval change.(This implies mean LAP is kept high irrespective of cycle length suggesting elevated baseline LAP)
  2. E deceleration time (<140ms) (In long cycle)
  3. Propagation velocity in color M Mode(Vp)  <45cm/sec might help (RR interval dependent, measure in the long cycle)
  4. E/e” in a single beat by dual doppler probe (Ref 1)  > 10 indicate diastolic dysfunction that correlate with PCWP> 15mmhg (Ref 1)
  5. Finally (and curiously ) presence of AF by itself may imply significant LV diastolic dysfunction. It could be due to an increase in atrial strain and afterload of LA (ie pre A-LVEDP) (Of course, It should be in the absence of mitral valve disease)
  6. LA dimension in AF*

*LA dimension is a very good sign of chronic elevation of LAP and diastolic dysfunction in the absence of mitral valve disease. However, AF can dilate the LA making it a less useful parameter. But, it should be noted in AF both RA and LA dilate together.So,  a disproportionate LA>RA (or if RA is normal size ) could still be a marker of baseline LV diastolic dysfunction.

 

Reference

  1. Kusunose K., Yamada H.,  Nishio S., et al.  Clinical utility of single-beat E/e′ obtained by simultaneous recording of flow and tissue Doppler velocities in atrial fibrillation with preserved systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2009 2:1147–1156

 

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Simple marker for severe diastolic dysfunction : When “E” velocity grows menacingly tall , and “A” becomes a dwarf . . . be ready for Impending LVF !

Posted in Diastolic dysfunction, Echocardiography -Normal measurement, Echocardiography-hemodynamics, tagged , , , , on May 31, 2017| Leave a Comment »

A 45 year old man came with  recent onset breathlessness.His left ventricle was dilated along with left atrial enlargement.The LV EF was 42% (By current definition mid range preserved systolic function( Circ Heart Fail. 2016 Apr;9(4))

But, he was severely symptomatic because of combined  systolic and  diastolic dysfunction.Diagnosing and grading diastolic dysfunction has been extensively done in last decade.Now , we realise without significant diastolic dysfunction symptoms of pulmonary congestion can never occur in patients with DCM.

We don’t require complex tissue Doppler parameters to diagnose high-grade LV diastolic function.Just have a look at LA dimension,  concentrate the E to A ratio. A tall E that humbles the A by more than 2 to 3 times is clear evidence for  LA mean Pressure exceed  18 to 20 mmhg or so.

This , in combination with dilated LA is a marker of chronic severe diastolic dysfunction.The fact that A is diminutive in no way takes the Importance of Atrial contribution to LV filing at this critically compromised LV status.

Note E:A ratio is 3:1 .This simply means the early (and mid to a certain extent ) diastolic pressure in LA is high and most of the filling takes place before Atrial contraction .There is one more reason for diminutive A . Atrial contractility fails to prevail over E in late diastole as LV end diastolic pressure is significantly high in these patients with diastolic dysfunction.

A dilated left atrium is an Independent marker of significant LV diastolic dysfunction (In the absence of MR) .When does LA begin to enlarge in diastolic dysfunction ? There is uniform rule.Generally LA size more than 4.5cm indicate grade 3 or 4 LV diastolic dysfunction.

LA size and Pulmonary congestion 

It’s a paradox , a roomy  LA dampens the LA pressure curve and A reversal into lungs may not happen.

*AF irony on A reversal

Logic might suggest , loss of atrial contraction might attenuate A reversal and less blood flooding into pulmonary veins.No, It doesn’t happen that way.If  AF is precipitated for any reason its going to be “switch on”  for acute pulmonary edema.

What is the relation between systolic and diastolic dysfunction in DCM ?

We find about 30 % of DCM has documented resting diastolic dysfunction.This is actually a underestimation of true diastolic dysfunction as it can very well manifest only during exertion.

Though generally , there is good correlation of grade of diastolic and systolic dysfunction in terms of severity , some of the patients show severe diastolic dysfunction out of proportion with systolic dysfunction.

Note : In the above patient it’s actually a fairly preserved systolic function but still has advanced diastolic dysfunction.

Grading of diastolic dysfunction .Image courtesy MM Redfield et al: JAMA 289:194, 2003. Note E:A >1.5 is

Final message

Relying on E:A ratio to diagnose diastolic dysfunction  may appear  amateurish for some of us .The rampant reporting of E>A for grade 1 diastolic dysfunction has made this parameter a “Doppler cliché”. But , the fact of the matter is,  it does help us confirm severe (Grade 4) diastolic dysfunction when E stands  tall and towering over an almost dwarfed A.

Clinical Implication

Please realise ,In patients with DCM  when you find an  A that is too diminutive in combination with  a menacingly tall E , it may be prudent to raise diuretic dosage. It’s a sure signal for impending pulmonary edema.

Queued queries 

Can DT and IVRT normalise with progressive diastolic dysfunction ?

(more…)

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Can you diagnose diastolic dysfunction by ECG ?

Posted in Cardiology - Clinical, cardiology -ECG, Cardiology -unresolved questions, Cardiology hypertension, tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , on May 29, 2011| Leave a Comment »

We presume  ECG  fails miserably against echocardiography for assessing hemodynamics , while  echocardiogram  has  little value  when it comes to studying   electrophysiology .  Ironically ,  we often  ignore  the fact  ,   ECG can  provide  important long-term   hemodynamic  data . The pattern of  chamber enlargement  give us  vital clues to the prevailing hemodynamic  stress and loading conditions. While echo  can be termed as an  anatomical and  physiologic   modality  , ECG  apart from  its unique capacity to record cardiac  electrical finger prints ,  it  provides  useful ,  anatomical ,  hemodynamic information too !

While Doppler is a  fascinating modality to measure hemodynamic data in a moment to moment fashion it can never ever tell us  , what has been going around in the preceding months or years. This  is were chamber size helps which  give us chronic physiological information (Chronic  Doppler ?)

A simple E:A reversal  in  mitral inflow doppler can be a  innocuous  finding in isolation  . If it is associated with even   minimal grades of  LAE  it gains huge importance. That is why left atrial size is  funnily referred to as HB A1C of diastolic dysfunction ( A marker of chronicity  of  diastolic dysfunction)

If LAE is so important to diagnose diastolic dysfunction , why  we are so  obsessed  with doppler filling profiles  of mitral valve ,pulmonary veins, mitral annular tissue Doppler and what not ! .Many of these sophisticated doppler methods are extremely operator dependent  and are  subjected  to technical and mathematical errors. Especially , with  tissue doppler where we  magnify the errors as we  filter  extremely  slow tissue motion .

For  many  decades  we  have failed  to impress ourselves  , about the importance of subtle P wave abnormalities in the  ECGs   of  hypertensive patients.

In fact those  innocuous looking  slurs and notches   in P waves ,  suggest the left atrial  stress and a definite marker of underlying LV diastolic dysfunction .

P wave is the only electrical wave that occur in diastole .Hence there is no surprise  ,i  gives us enormous information about this phase of cardiac cycle .

If only we look  at them carefully, zoom it (Now it is made easy with so many softwares)  analyse critically we can find a wealth of information about the atrial behavior in hypertension.

Experience from our hypertension clinic  with periodic echocardiograms suggest ,  the following  ECG  findings   can be   good markers  of significant  diastolic dysfunction .

  1. Notched P wave
  2. Wide  P waves
  3. Slurred  P wave
  4. Bi-phasic P waves

* Surprisingly  , these abnormalities correlated with at least grade 1 diastolic dysfunction even in the absence of  for LAE or LVH by echocardiogram.

** In an  occasional patient  P waves  can widen due to inter atrial block or conduction delay. This a rare exception for wide P waves without LAE.

Final message

A well recorded and   analysed   ECG can  predict diastolic dysfunction  with fair  degree of accuracy .This fact need to be emphasized  by every one  .  Next to ECG ,  LA size and volume  by 2d echo are excellent parameters  to assess diastolic function in a long term fashion. Sophisticated  but  error prone ,  momentary doppler parameters are getting too much attention  at the cost of simple ,  shrewd ECG and 2D echo  !

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Does diastolic dysfunction vanish during bradycardia ?

Posted in Cardiology - Clinical, echocardiography, tagged , on May 12, 2011| Leave a Comment »

Heart is mainly perceived  as  a pumping organ but it need to be realised it  also has a   reservoir function  (Temporarily though , for  about .5 seconds every beat ) . Contrary  to the popular belief heart is not  continuously and tirelessly working  .For every contractile  beat it takes  a brief period of rest .This is called diastole. But , even here it is not a complete rest , as  it has to receive the blood from the atria and get filled and be ready for the next beat.

Many think diastole is an active energy-consuming process . . . but it can be debated still ,  as passive elastic properties may contribute substantially to cardiac relaxation blunting the energy requirement

God is so scientific (Greatest scientist !)  he  made it sure   the resting phase(Diastole)   is slightly more  than the contractile phase (Systole ).

This makes the organ relax a bit more than it stresses  in its entire life time . At  any  given heart rate diastole will be slightly  more than systole  , peculiarly  for the same reason  during tachycardia  diastole suffers more than systole.

What happens in diastolic dysfunction ?

Pathologically the ventricles become stiff  and rigid and the filling of the  ventricle is impaired . The commonest cause for diastolic dysfunction are  hypertension, diabetes, and  ischemic  CAD some forms of myopathies  .In systole ,the calcium  is pumped into actin myosin complex  while in diastole the  same calcium molecules  (Or different !)   are ejected back into the cytosol and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The later process is impaired in many situations of diastolic dysfunction.

It should  also be realised not every one with diastolic dysfunction  has a  calcium release /unloading defect .Many  have structural diastolic dysfunction  like interstitial fibrosis  .Here the mechanism goes beyond  calcium kinetics.These are the patients who get maximum  benefit out of heart rate reduction.

It is all Time  . . . Time as a  lusiotropic  drug !

If the ventricle finds difficult to relax  (or slow /sluggish to relax )  we have  two  options to tackle this .

  • To make relaxation  faster( ie positive lusiotropism )*
  • To  prolong the diastole  itself  .

Prolonging diastole makes it certain , the LV relaxation process is completed   as the excess time compensates for  the slowness of calcium reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum . In fact , we have observed at slow heart rates (<60)  it is very difficult to document diastolic dysfunction  by doppler .

In many of  dilated  cardiomyopathies  the beneficial effect of  beta blockers , could be linked to simple reduction in heart rate and prolongation of diastole .(Note In DCM about 30-40 % have restrictive filling )

Final message

As we have no specific drugs to  augment the  process  of   cardiac diastole,  currently heart rate reduction  could be the simple and best method*  to improve diastolic function  .In many cases  diastolic dysfunction  simply vanishes  at low heart rate.Bradycardia  and  diastolic dysfunction   will remain as foes  forever !  Please give the benefit of this simple concept to all your patients with diastolic dysfunction .Your patients  can breath lot more easier !

*Apart from controlling the underlying cause like DM, SHT and CAD  , anti fibrotic drugs,  interstitial relaxants ,selective cardiac   collagen uncouplers  are the  future areas of research .

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What is the simplest way to differentiate pseudo normal mitral infow doppler from normal ?

Posted in Uncategorized, tagged on January 8, 2010| Leave a Comment »

Diastolic dysfunction  as concept  has  come a  long way after  initial hiccups . Now,  it is a well established  left ventricular pathology  , and has   a  sound physiological and molecular basis. Even though there are variety of methods available to quantify  LV diastolic function,  echocardiogram is the simple method to identify and grade diastolic dysfunction.

There are 4 grades of diastolic dysfunction

1.Impaired relaxation  (without elevated filling pressure)

Some  describe another grade  1 a  with elevated filling pressure

2.Pseudonormal mitral inflow

3.Restrictive -Reversible

4.Restrictive -irreversible

What is pseudo normal pattern ?

The grade 1 is the  most common type  diagnosed  . It is diagnosed when the  A  velocity is more  than E velocity . This  simply implies ,  ventricular filling needs greater assistance from atrial contraction than in resting conditions. It is so common , especially in elderly ,  many thought it should not be considered a pathology . In youngsters it is definitely pathological especially if it is persistent.

The issue that  really concerns  us  is  this  : When the diastolic dysfunction  progress  from grade 1  to grade 2  ,  the mitral the inflow  doppler pattern ,  instead of showing any  new changes simply nullifies the changes that occurred in grade 1 and  records a normal E : A velocity .

So , a person with grade 2 diastolic dysfunction will have a near normal pattern .Of course  deceleration time, and IVRT is shorter than in grade 1 but it is not very useful in differentiating it from normal .

Pseduonormal is  actually  equivalent to moderate diastolic dysfunction , but the abnormality is masked  as near normal  filling is restored with atrial assistance . So,  technically it a  assisted LV filling . A  superficial  look at the doppler pattern may exactly mimic normal . But there will be a  2 D echo  abnormality  that makes the patient  pathological . Our eyes need to look  beyond  doppler  ( in coherence with  2 D ) to differentiating  normal or pseudo normal.

It is learnt  ,  2D abnormality of LV or LA occurs in nearly 90 % of grade 2 diastolic dysfunction .(There can be a pure functional grade 2 diastolic dysfunction  without structural changes in LA/LVH in minority -This is poorly understood form of silent sub clinical CAD manifesting only as diastolic dysfunction  )

Traditionally  there are few methods taught  in echocardiaographic schools  all over the world to differentiate normal from pseudonormal

1.Pulmonary vein  doppler

2.Response to valsalva maneuver

3.Tissue doppler etc

One simple echo feature  that is   often forgotten , that can be really useful in differentiation of  normal from pseudo normal is    left atrial dimension

While patient with pseudonormal who  have  progressed   into  stage 2  will show a  definite left atrial abnormality .

When does a left atrium begins to enlarge in diastolic dysfunction?

  • It depends  on LA thickness  and  LA afterload (LVEDP is the afterload for LA)
  • It is generally believed  LAE  will be there in almost all cases of grade 3  diastolic dysfunction.
  • It is present in  majority of patients  with grade 2 as well . But the degree  of LAE may be less  ( 4-4.5cm)

It is yet unclear ,  the onset of LA enlargement in diastolic dysfunction .This is potentially a research topic for the fellows !

It is not uncommon  to find   LA enlarge  like a balloon even in stage 2  of diastolic dysfunction. So , in patients who are suspected to have  pseduonormal  doppler profile , look for the presence of LAE  , (however mild it may be !)  , there is no business for LA to enlarge in normal persons.

Ofcourse , if  you are a echo expert one can measure A reversal in PV doppler, tissue doppler echo etc .But remember a simple 2D echo feature like a LA dimension / LVH   may score over the sophisticated (Also read complex  . . .) parameters  in the grading of diastolic dysfunction

Final message

While  we  immerse  ourself  in   sophisticated doppler methods  to differentiate normal from psedunormal pattern, the fact that  , normal persons will  have normal hearts  is often forgotten , and    presence of left  atrial enlargement (Which is all too common in pseudonormal !)  straightaway   settles the issue . Detailed diastolic function studies are warrented only if the LA size is normal .

*Correction: in table A reversal in normal is less than 35cm/sec

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Why revascularisation promptly relieves angina but rarely relieves dyspnea ?

Posted in Cardiology - Clinical, Cardiology -Interventional -PCI, cardiology -Therapeutics, cardiology- coronary care, Infrequently asked questions in cardiology (iFAQs), tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , on December 30, 2009| Leave a Comment »

It is a well known fact  ,   CABG and PCI  provides immediate relief  for patients with angina ,  which is refractory to medical therapy. Of course , this happens only if a critical occlusion of  at least one epicardial coronary artery is  opened . It need to be realised ,  angina  due to  microvascular  disease can not be cured by maintaining  epicardial  patency .

While angina  relief is prompt ,  dyspnea is not ! . If we  believe,  opening  up a  coronary artery  in a patient with LV dysfunction will  restore the LV function  ,  it  is grossly mistaken !

Why is it so ?

Angina  relief requires  simple  restoration  of  oxygen supply and correction of local ischemia .  This happens without any issue as the blood  seeps in to the ischemic cells and soothes the ischemic nerve fibres that trigger the pain signals   . While  ,  for LV function to improve , the blood flow has to be converted to mechanical activity in the form of myocyte actin/myosin interaction. For this,   there need to be an intact  cellular contractile mechanism . The myocyte architecture should be appropriate .In post MI ventricles we know there is  zig zag  orientation of myofibrils due to myocyte slippage that interfere with mechanical recruitment . Further , integrity of  extracellular matrix  namely the collagen frame work is also vital . Note ,  angina relief  is not concerned with any of the above .

And now ,  we also realise  dyspnea  in failing ventricles  is vitally  dependent on diastolic function ,  which is also very much  impaired in ischemic DCM .There is little proof for  PCI/CABG  to correct the  molecular   mysteries in  diastolic dysfunction !

Dysfunctional LV means what ? (read the link )

It is a collection of  variety of myocardial tissues . Viz : Fully  necrosed , partially necrosed ,  ischemic viable, non ischemic viable, ischemic non viable, non ischemic non viable , Apart from this patchy necrosis, patchy ischemic, areas are common. Finally , necrosed segments   may  also be perfused normally by  spontaneous reopening of an IRA.

One can imagine the complexity  of events in these segments  once we do the  PCI /CABG . The response  is highly variable and unpredictable. The major concept we  , the physicians  believe or ( to be precise made to believe !) is  the  sanctity  devoted to  the viable myocardium .For  many us ,  it is considered a  holy  exercise  to identify viable myocardium in patients following MI and then revascularise them if  found to have significant viable myocardium (Atleast 20% of infarcted area )

A full 2 decades were lost or (shall  we   say wasted on this futile exercise !) as   we have since  realised most of the cardiologists do not follow this rule .

Now , even a scarred myocardium is revascularised in the hope of recovery .As such , we have reached a stage where  there is no contradiction for not doing a PCI /CABG   with reference to LV dysfunction.

Now every  patient  with post MI  LV dysfunction  is considered to  have  some amount of viable myocardium that is  fit   enough  for revascularization

Are we justified in doing  this ?

Many clinical  trials  have revealed  , the  recovery of LV function  in these segments  has not been consistent at all .

The most surprising discovery is  a viable myocardium need not  be ischemic   .It might get adequate blood supply either  from invisible collaterals or trickle of antegrade flow .  Hence an adequately  perfused myocardial segment can  still be   non contractile . This shatters the myth  that  revascularisation must have a dramatic effect on the recovery of contractility in all viable segments.

The other major finding is  ,  even ischemic   viable   myocardium ( documented by metabolic activities PET etc)  need not regain it’s original contractility  after the ischemia is fully corrected .

*reference for  both the above statements are available from variety of sources including real life experiences .(Type C evidence )

Final message

  • Do a PCI/CABG promptly for patients with refractory angina.
  • Never  advocate PCI/CABG  for  a primary relief of dyspnea .  (Never is a harsh word,  let it be  “use it  with caution ” ! and  the  patient  should be  revealed  the whole facts  about  what we know and what we do not know regarding the complex  hemodyanmic events  in  revascularisation   )

Counter point

If  the above statements are really true ,   How does PCI/CABG   help  relieving  dyspnea  and functional class  what is your answer for thousands of patients  with CAD and ischemic DCM who have greatly benefited from CABG ?

The answer could  be  simple , The revascularization  piggybacks  over the   medical management (which , these patients pursue vigorously)     like  ACEI,  statins, salt restriction, betablockers  , optimal diuretics and tend to hijack the credits from the poor  drugs !

Read a related blog

Revascularisation for ischemic DCM

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What is the simple management strategy for reversing diastolic dysfunction?

Posted in cardiac surgery, Cardiology - Clinical, Uncategorized, tagged on December 14, 2009| Leave a Comment »

Diastolic dysfunction is a common clinical cardiac problem which has no specific therapy.It can occur either in isolation or in combination with systolic dysfunction.The later may  be more common.

Isolated diastolic dysfunction

  • Hypertensive heart disease.
  • Aortic valvular stenosis
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • Early stages of CAD
  • Pericardial disorders
  • Idiopathic stiff ventricles

In association with systolic dysfunction

  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (20%)
  • In any form of cardiac failure some degree of diastolic dysfunction is noted .

General principles of management

Even though there is no specific drugs to tackle diastolic dysfunction the following measures may have significant impact.

  1. Correct the underlying problem.(HT/CAD etc)
  2. Reduce the basal  heart rate .At lower heart rates as diastole is prolonged , the stiff muscles has  extra time to relax and stretch itself  longer.
  3. Regular isotonic exercise  preconditions the muscle  for smooth contraction  relaxation .
  4. Optimise diuretics (Excessive diuretics has an  adverse effect on the  diastolic pressure profile across the AV valves)
  5. Avoiding positive inotropic agents like digoxin .This will not be possible in combined dysfunction.
  6. ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Aldosterone have some benefits as they could prevent tissue proliferation in the cardiac interstitium
  7. Milrinone (The non digoxin positive inotrpic)show some promise

What are the  treatments in the horizon ?

Antifibrotic drugs   ,Antiproliferative drugs

Collagen breakers ,

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